Lodaya

Lodaya atawa maung lodaya (Panthera tigris) nyaéta mamalia kulawarga Felidae, salah sahiji maung nu asup kana marga Panthera.

Sakumaha ilaharna bangsa maung, lodaya téh karnivora.

Lodaya Status konservasi: Kaancam punah

Klasifikasi ilmiah

Karajaan: Animalia Fila: Chordata Kelas: Mamalia Ordo: Karnivora Kulawarga: Felidae Marga: Panthera Spésiés: P. tigris

Ngaran binomial

Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Lodaya lolobana hirup di leuweung jeung tatar jukut (nu luyu pikeun kamuflasena).

Ti antara sadaya ucing badag, ukur lodaya jeung jaguar nu bisaan ngojay,

sakumaha urang biasa manggihan lodaya keur ngojay di situ atawa wahangan.

Lodaya ilaharna moro sorangan, ngamangsa utamanahérbivora sedeng kayaning uncal, mencek, jeung bagong.

Sigana ukur manusa nu mangrupa prédator lodaya, nyaéta dina raraga moro jeung pikeun ngarah siritna, nu ceuk sakaol,

padahal teu bener, mangrupakeun afrodisiak. Alatan ruksak habitatna jeung diboro,

populasi lodaya beuki nyirorot sahingga asup kana daptar spésiés nu kaancam punah.

Lodaya mangrupakeun salasahiji sato nu aya dina punclut ranté dahareun.

Daptar eusi [sumputkeun] ·         1 Dedegan ·         2 Cara maéhan ·         3 Subspésiés o    3.1 Lastari ·         4 Lodaya dina pustaka jeung budaya Sunda ·         5 Baca ogé ·         6 Rujukan ·         7 Tumbu kaluar

[édit]DedeganCiri pisik lodaya gumantung kana subspésiésna. Sacara umum, nu jalu beuratna 150 - 310 kg (330 lb - 680 lb), sedengkeun nu bikang 100 - 160 kg (220 lb - 350 lb). Panjangna, nu jalu 2.6 - 3.3 méter (8'6" - 10'9"), sedengkeun nu bikang 2.3 - 2.75 méter (7'6" - 9'). Ti antara subspésiés lodaya nu aya, Lodaya Corbetts téh nu pangleutikna, sedengkeun nu pangbadagna mah Amur.

Warna dasar bulu lodaya nyaéta antara konéng nepi ka semu beureum, kalawan bodas lebahdada, beuheung, jeung sela suku. Varian résésif nu ilahar nyaéta bodas, nu bisa borojol ti campuran nu cocog; bodas ieu lain albino. Lodaya hideung melanistik ogé kungsi kabéjakeun, tapi conto hirupna teu kungsi karékam. Aya ogé lodaya emas (Ing. golden tabby tigers, golden tigers, atawa tabby tigers) nu buluna warna emas nu leuwih caang batan warna lodaya biasa, sedengkeun welangna coklat. Variasi warna ieu jarang pisan, nu ukur aya di panginguan.

Polét lodaya warnana rupa-rupa, ti hawuk nepi ka hideung meles. Bentuk jeung kandelna béda gumantung subspésiésna, ilaharna leuwih ti saratus polét (Lodaya Jawa mibanda polét nu leuwih loba). Pola welang lodaya unik béda di unggal sato, sahingga bisa dipaké pikeun ngabédakeun hiji hijina, sakumaha sidik ramo dipaké pikeun ngabédakeun hiji jalma. Tapi, cara ieu teu dipiresep alatan héséna ngarékam pola welang lodaya liar. Welang ieu kamungkinan penting pikeun kamuflase, sahingga lodaya bisa nyumputkeun manéh ti mangsana.

[édit]Cara maéhan

Lodaya biasa nalukkeun mangsana ti mana baé, biasana mah dibongohan, ngégél beuheungna nepi ka tikorona mites atawa megatkeun s

[édit]Subspésiés

Lodaya kabagi kana dalapan subspésiés, tilu di antarana geus dianggap lastari, sarta hiji ampir punah. Lodaya (kungsi) hirup di Rusia, Sibéria, Iran,Afganistan, India, Cina, jeung Asia tenggara, kaasup kapuloan Sunda. Di antara nu aya kénéh, nyaéta:

§  Lodaya Bengali (Panthera tigris tigris) kapanggih di sapanjang leuweung jeung tatar jukut Bangladés, Butan, Cina, India, jeung Népal, nu diaku salaku sato nasional ku Bangladés jeung India. Populasi liarna kira 3000 nepi ka 4600, lolobana aya di India jeung Bangladés. Ieu lodaya kiwari keur kadéséh pisan boh alatan ngurangan habitatna jeung diboro; sababaraha resép kadokteran Cina (hususna pikeun nambaan peluh) merlukeun bagian awak lodaya. Project Tiger, hiji proyék konservasi nu medal taun 1972, saeutikna geus bisa ngabantu pikeun ngajaga subspésiés ieu.

§  Lodaya Indocina (Panthera tigris corbetti), ogé disebut lodaya Corbetts, hirup di Kamboja, Cina, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Muangtai, jeungViétnam. Populasina antara 1200–1800, tapi sigana mah kurang ti sakitu. Populasi panglobana aya di Malaysia, nu ngontrol pamoroanana kalawan ketat, tapi tetep baé populasina kaancam ku fragmentasi habitat jeung inbreeding. Di Viétnam, ampir sapertilu lodaya ditelasan pikeun masok farmasi Cina, sarta pikeun masarakat miskin dianggap salaku sumber upajiwa.

§  Lodaya Sumatra (Panthera tigris sumatrae) ukur aya di pulo Sumatra, Indonésia. Populasi liarna kira ukur 400 - 500, nu utamana aya di limataman nasional. Uji genetik geus hasil ngagali ayana marka genetik unik, nu nandakeun prosés tumuwuhna spésiés anyar (mun teu kaburu punah). Hasil ieu nunjukkeun pentingna ngaheulakeun konservasi Lodaya Sumatra batan subspésiés séjén. Diranjahna habitat jadi sabab utama ancaman kana kahirupan Lodaya Sumatra (ngabalak leuweung, kaasup di taman nasional),

§  najan kabéjakeun aya 66 nu ditémbak/diboro antara taun 1998 jeung 2000—ampir 20% tina populasi total.

§  Lodaya Sibéria (Panthera tigris altaica), ogé katelah lodaya Amur, Mansuria atawa lodaya Cina Kalér, ampir sagemblengna aya di Rusia wétan nu kiwari dijaga. Kiwari aya kurang ti 400 nu liar, nu sigana populasi-populasina geus teu bisa dipaké sacara genetik, alatan geus lobanainbreeding.

§  Lodaya Cina Kidul (Panthera tigris amoyensis), ogé katelah lodaya Amoy atawa Siamén, subspésiés nu paling kaancam punah, malah nu liar mah ti saprak kapanggih terus ditémbak nepi ka paéhna taun 1994, teu kungsi kawénéhan deui di habitat alamina nepi ka kiwari. Taun 1959, Mao Setung ngumumkeun yén lodaya dianggap hama, sahingga jumlahna nyirorot pisan, ti 4000-an leuwih jadi 200-an taun 1976. Taun 1977 pamaréntah Cina malikkeun undang-undang ieu, sarta nyaram diborona lodaya liar, tapi kawijakan ieu geus telat teuing pikeun nyalametkeun subspésiés ieu. Kiwari, di Cina aya 59 lodaya Cina inguan, nu borojol ukur ti genep indung. Balukarna, karageman genetik nu dipikabutuh pikeun mertahankeun subspésiésna geus teu aya, sahingga kapunahanana geus aya na lawang panto.

[édit]Lastari

§  Lodaya Jawa (Panthera tigris sondaica) ngan aya di pulo Jawa, Indonésia. Sigana subspésiés ieu punah taun 1980-an, alatan diboro jeung ruksakhabitatna ti taun 1950-an mula (taun sakitu téh dikira-kira populasi lodaya geus tinggal 25-an), malah ti jaman Hindia-Walanda sato ieu téh geus diboro pikeun kasenangan para pangagung Walanda. Lodaya Jawa kasaksian kénéh taun 1979.

§  Lodaya Kaspia atawa Lodaya Pérsia (Panthera tigris virgata) kungsi aya di Afganistan, Iran, Irak, Pakistan, Uni Sovyét baheula, jeung Turki. Punah taun 1960-an, sabab taun 1968 kungsi kénéh katempo.

§  Lodaya Bali (Panthera tigris balica) ngan aya di Bali. Ieu lodaya diboro nepi ka punahna—Lodaya Bali pamungkas (sigana) dipaéhan di Sumbar Kima, Bali Kulon, tangal 27 Séptémber 1937; nu mangrupa bikang sawawa. Ieu lodaya masih kénéh mibanda ajén penting dina ageman Hindu Bali.

Paguyuban Pasundan

Paguyuban Pasundan (Sundanese language literally means Sundanese Circle of Friends) is a Sundanese cultural organization that was founded on 20 July 1913, to become the oldest organizations in Indonesia that still operates. During its existence, the organization has been moving in the field of education, socio-cultural, politics, economy, youth and women empowerment. Paguyuban Pasundan works to preserve the Sundanese culture.

Paguyuban Pasundan indirectly affected the establishment of Budi Utomo on Wednesday 20 May 1908. Considered the beginning of the Indonesian nation movement to independence, many Sundanese people who joined the organization. Branches of Budi Utomo also appeared in many places in West Java, such as in Bandung and Bogor. Sundanese membership in the Budi Utomo decreased drastically when the organisation seemed focused upon the population of Central Java and East Java .

Sundanese students in the STOVIA (School Tot Opleiding Voor Indlandsche Artsen) - Dutch East Indies' era medical school in Batavia (Jakarta), attempted to make the Sundanese people's organization. Next, the students aged about 22 years old, visit Daeng Kandoeroean Ardiwinata residence, who regarded as the Sundanese elders. In the visits, they stated purpose of the establishment of the organization at the same time ask D. K. Ardiwinata to become head of the organization.

After D. K. Ardiwinata agreed, in Jakarta, on Sunday 20 July 1913 they held a meeting for the establishment of clubs. In the meeting, the establishment of the organization was agreed and they named the organization "Pagoejoeban Pasoendan." They also set D. K. Ardiwinata as advisors and Dajat Hidajat (STOVIA's student) as chairman.

Between 1931 and 1942, Paguyuban Pasundan had a great reputation under the leadership of Oto Iskandar Di Nata, Indonesian national hero.

Today, Paguyuban Pasundan's activities are dominated by activity in the field of education and socio-cultural. One of the milestones in the field of education struggle is the establishment of University of Pasundan in Bandung on Monday 14 November 1960. Paguyuban Pasundan now has 32 branch offices with 492 smaller branches. At least 12,300 people involved in this paguyuban. Sundanese cultural preservation in the era of globalization has become the main priority. Pasundan schools in primary and secondary education scattered in the area of West Java and Banten. In higher education, Paguyuban Pasundan has one university and three "sekolah tinggi" (colleges).

[edit]References

• Cribb, R. B. 2004. Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810849356, 9780810849358
• (Indonesian) Ekajati, E. S. 2004. Kebangkitan Kembali Orang Sunda: Kasus Paguyuban Pasundan, 1913-1918. Bandung: Pusat Studi Sunda in cooperation with Kiblat.
• (Indonesian) Suharto. 2002. Pagoejoeban Pasoendan 1927-1942: Profil Pergerakan Etno-Nasionalis. Bandung: Satya Historika.

[edit]External links

• Paguyuban Pasundan : A Sundanese Revival (1913-1918)

Step by Step Easy Manicure

Step-By-Step Easy Manicure

Taking care of your nails doesn’t have to be anything but a relaxing, pleasing experience.
There is just a few things that you need to think about when setting up a at home manicure.
Take a good look at your nails, when planning what you want to do you need to know what
condition your nails are in. Are your nails dry? Do they have lines or ridges? Are the nails
peeling in layers? Are they soft or brittle? In what shape are your cuticles? Are you a nail
biter and have hangnails? Each of these questions can be answered while deciding just how much
or how little you want to do for a at home manicure.
Make sure you have everything you need before you get started.
Your favorite polish, > any BB Couture nail Polish Color work beautifully for this.
file
Polish remover
base coat
Top Rock top coat
Cotton balls
orange stick
bowl for the warm water
towels
Now you are setup, follow the steps and off you go.
1- Remove any old polish on your nails and toes. If there isn’t time to give yourself a pedicure then having no polish on your toes in better than chipped. Another tip when removing your old polish don’t use a polish remover system that requires you to stick your entire finger into a jar of solution. Remember polish remover isn’t very good for your nails and avoid those that contain acetone or chemical relatives of acetone, even if they say they have conditioners. The acetone and alcohol in polish removers damage the surface of the nail, affect the nail’s natural luster, and weaken the base of the nail.
2-You will want to rinse your nails in warm water immediately after using polish remover. Then scrub them cleanly with a soft-bristle nail brush. A really good idea is to of done this the night before and then applied moisturizer and slept with gloves. That would of seal in the moisture and just really help your nails and hands.

A super easy recipe to do at home for a hot oil treatment for your nails is
1/4 cup olive oil
oil from one vitamin E capsule
Just heat the oil in a saucepan and let cool until just warm. Add the vitamin E to the oil then rub it into your cuticles and nails, massaging any extra oils into your hands, put on your gloves and your hands and nails will just be wonderful the next day.

3-Filing may be necessary to shape and buff away anything not looking good. Just don’t file unless your nails are dry and free of any creams. Soft nails with may peel, tear chipped or even split. Just make sure your nails are dry. They say don’t saw back and forth but do it in one direction only at a time, it helps if your file in the direction they grow to prevent splitting. You may want to keep your nails even length and find the shape best for your hands. Some fingers look good with square nails and others with oval tips.
4-Soak your nails for a few minutes in warm water, there are a few recipes to create a treat for your nails, so
you can look into that. If your nails are stained well that is different.
Here is a real easy recipe to whiten  your nails.
Use this twice a week till stain is gone
1 tablespoon hydrogen peroxide
1 cup warm water
Soak for 15 minutes twice a week. Pat dry
5- Now you need to push back your cuticles but never cut them or push them back hard. They are what protects the root of the nail. Good idea is not to use a cuticle remover they are known to contain alkali and that is one of the harshest products out today in cosmetics. To gently push back the cuticle, by using a soft moist towel or orange stick. The dead skin you can trim off but leave living skin alone, just not a good idea to do.
6- Clean under your nails but be careful if you are too vigorous you may create a space under your nails for fungi or bacteria to grow, yuch so be careful.

7- Now its time to paint your nails. Its best to have a base coat for that will fill in any ridges your nails may have and make your polish look better.
First step: paint on a clean base coat. Its best to wait about 3 minutes between putting on the polish so that layer has a better change of being dry. It also helps to keep your nails from staining or getting yellow.
Second step: The best way to apply polish is to start at up the center, then up both sides from the base to the tip. You really only need to use three strokes.
Real good idea is to avoid quick-dry polishes for they mostly contain acetone which is not good for the health of your nails, try a thicker, slower drying polish it will hold moisture plus give your nails more flexibility.
Go over your nails with two coats of polish letting each coat dry about 3 minutes.
Third step: Brush on your top coat cause it will seal the polish and help protect it from chipping.
And there you go, you just gave yourself you very own home manicure saving yourself money. I do hope this was good enough for you to be able to do a home manicure, if not then stop by Overallbeauty.com and send me email and I will try to answer any questions you might have.

Copyright 2005 Kim Snyder Owner of Overallbeauty.com Great lover of beauty care and products, never happy without trying to make the world a little prettier for all. Visit http://Overallbeauty.com to see the latest in beauty products and skin care.
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